The Renaissance artist Raphael is known for his extraordinary frescoes, his sublime Madonnas, devotional altarpieces, architectural designs, and his inventive designs for prints and tapestries. It was his use of ancient Roman art--the sculptures, the marble reliefs, the wall-paintings, and the stuccoes--and architecture--the temples, the palaces, and the theaters--as well as the churches and mosaics of early-Christian Rome, that formed his much-admired...